(1) speech precedes writing in terms of evolution (2) a large amount of communication is carried out in speech tan in writing (3) speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language Language and parole 语言与言语 Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use Competence and performance 能力与运用 Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users’ knowledge of the rules of his language Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication What is language? 什么是语言？ Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication Characteristics of language: 语言的特性 Language is a rule-governed system Language is basically vocal Language is arbitrary (the fact different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This conventional nature of language is well illustrated by a famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”) Language is used for human communication Design features of language 语言的甄别特征 American linguist Charles Hockett specified 12 design features: 1) arbitrariness 武断性 2) productivity 创造性 3) duality 二重性 4) displacement移位性 5) cultural transmission 文化传递性 二、音系学 语言的声音媒介 什么是语音学 发音器官 音标……宽式和严式标音法 英语语音的分类 音系学和语音学 语音、音位、音位变体 音位对立、互补分部、最小对立 几条音系规则 超切分特征 Two major media of communication: speech and writing The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language. 用于人类语言交际的声音称为语音，这些数目有限的一组语音构成了语言的声音媒介。 Phonetics语音学: is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language. Three branches of phonetics : articulatory phonetics 发音语音学（most highly developed）, auditory phonetics 听觉语音学and acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 Organs of speech 发音器官 The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas or cavities: The pharyngeal cavity咽腔----the throat The oral cavity口腔----the mouth The nasal cavity 鼻腔---the nose Vibration of the vocal cords (声带) results in a quality of speech sounds called “voicing” 浊音，which is a feature of all vowels 元音 and some consonants 辅音。 单词补充： 01) velum: The soft palate. 软腭 02) uvula: A small, conical, fleshy mass of tissue suspended from the center of the soft palate. 小舌，悬雍垂悬垂在软腭中央的小的圆锥状肉块 03) larynx: n. 喉 04) vocal cord: 声带 05) membrane: n. A thin, pliable layer of tissue covering surfaces or separating or connecting regions, structures, or organs of an animal or a plant. 膜薄而柔软的组织层，覆盖在表面或分割连接各种区域、结构或动植物器官 06) the soft palate: 软腭 07) the hard palate: 硬腭 08) the teeth ridge: 齿龈 09) alveolus: A tooth socket in the jawbone 牙槽颚骨处的牙床 10) the teeth: 牙齿 11) the lips: 上下唇 12) blade of tongue: 舌面 13) back of tongue: 舌根 14) pharyngeal cavity: 咽腔 15) nasal cavity: 鼻腔 16) velar: Articulated with the back of the tongue touching or near the soft palate, as (g) in good and (k) in cup.软腭音的用舌头后部挂触或靠近软腭清楚地发音的，如在 good中的(g)以及在 cup中的(k) 17) the tip of the tongue: 舌尖 | 
发表于 2004-8-5 13:25
| 
